What Is a Software Engineer?

Updated September 26, 2024

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Software engineers create operating systems, applications, and programs. Explore this career, including education requirements, key skills, and salary potential.

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Software engineers create, maintain, and improve computer programs. In an increasingly digital world, software engineers can find work in a variety of industries including computer systems design, software publishing, finance, and manufacturing.

Software engineering roles require applicants to have computer coding knowledge, advanced analytical skills, and creativity. There are many degree paths for software engineers, but qualifications for an entry-level position typically include a bachelor's degree in computer science or a related field.

On the job market, software engineers enjoy high demand. If you find satisfaction in thinking logically and creatively about technology, working as a computer software engineer may be a good fit for you.

Continue reading to learn about the typical responsibilities, career paths, and compensation for software engineers.

Popular Online Software Engineering Programs

Learn about start dates, transferring credits, availability of financial aid, and more by contacting the universities below.

History of Software Engineers

In 1963, Margaret Hamilton, coined the term software engineering while working on developing the software for the Apollo spacecraft. At this time, software development faced a crisis in trying to keep up with the progress in hardware development. This period led to the rise of software engineering by introducing new programs and languages.

In 1968 and 1969, the NATO Software Engineering Conference took place, giving the software engineering industry a much-needed boost. By the 1980s, software engineering secured its place alongside the computer science and traditional engineering professions.

What Does a Software Engineer Do?

Software engineers create and maintain programs to address user needs. They typically work on teams to design, develop, test, and document applications. They also work with other stakeholders to determine user requirements and gather feedback for further improvements.

Although you may hear the terms "software engineer" and "software developer" used interchangeably, the two roles have different emphases. Software engineers tend to focus on "big picture" design while developers tend to focus on programming work. In practice, however, software engineers often write original code.

Aspiring software engineers should note several challenges associated with the role. Engineers must manage accelerating technological advancement and ever-changing user needs. Additionally, teams can face significant pressure to meet tight deadlines.

Key Responsibilities for Software Engineers

Understand User Requirements

Software engineers create solutions for users. In order to design effective software, engineers must understand user requirements and familiarize themselves with the user's industry. Additionally, while some organizations have dedicated personnel for gathering user requirements, smaller companies may require their software engineers to perform this function.
Ensure Security

In addition to satisfying user requirements, engineers must design solutions that comply with organizational and industry security standards. Because the tech landscape changes so rapidly, software engineers must continually learn and implement new security best practices.
Design Software

Software engineers must design systems that address user needs. This typically involves communicating a broad outline of the software's functionality to a team of developers. Engineers must communicate clearly and effectively to their team in order to prevent wasted labor.
Create Documentation

Engineers must provide reference documentation for their software, both for the user and for other engineers and developers on their team. Users need documentation to help them utilize a product to its maximum potential, and other engineers need documentation to facilitate future maintenance.
Maintain and Improve Software

Even after a software product rolls out, engineers must continue to test and verify its functionality. Additionally, teams may receive requests for additional features. Regular testing and updates help ensure a positive and consistent user experience.

Key Soft Skills for Software Engineers

Analytical Thinking: Software engineers must think analytically to design, troubleshoot, and improve complex applications. Because software often involves many interdependent parts, engineers need to bring a detail-oriented approach to their work to ensure an optimal user experience.
Interpersonal Skills: Developing software requires teamwork. Because software engineers usually work with other teammates and stakeholders, they must possess excellent interpersonal skills. A well-rounded software engineer engages in active listening and effective conflict resolution.
Written Communication: In addition to interpersonal communication, software developers must also possess a knack for technical writing. Effective documentation helps both users and other developers. Engineers should be able to boil down complex ideas into clear language.
Creativity: Software engineers must think creatively to design innovative solutions. Because each organization, team, and product differs, engineers often need to come up with their own novel solutions to satisfy the needs of all stakeholders.

Key Hard Skills for Software Engineers

Data Structures: Programmers and software engineers use data structures and algorithms to build computer programs. Engineers' skills in these areas help them create efficient and well-optimized code.
Software Testing: Software engineers test new programs and applications to evaluate and verify features and functionality. This improves performance and fixes defects. They must also know the software development lifecycle to plan, test, and deploy systems.
Programming Languages: Software engineers write code for computer programs and applications. Some popular languages include Python, C++, and Java.
Core Computer Science Knowledge: Software engineers need a strong understanding of computer science concepts like databases, operating systems, and computer networking. Professionals use database management systems like SQL and must know various operating systems, including Linux.

A few of the most popular programming languages software engineers need to know include:

Java: This programming language produces software on multiple platforms without the need for recompilation. The code runs on nearly all operating systems including Mac OS or Windows. Java uses syntax from C and C++ programming. Browser-operated programs facilitate GUI and object interaction from users.
JavaScript: This scripting programming language allows users to perform complex tasks. Most web pages are written in Javascript. This language allows users to update content, animate images, operate multimedia, and store variables. JavaScript represents one of the web's three major technologies.
SQL: Also known as Structured Query Language, SQL queries, updates, modifies, deletes, and inserts data. To achieve this, SQL uses a set number of commands. This computer language is standard for data manipulation and relational database management. Professionals use SQL to manage structured data where relationships between variables and entities exist.
C++: Regarded as an object-oriented, general-purpose programming language, C++ uses both low and high-level language. Since virtually all computers contain C++, software engineers must understand this language. C++ encompasses most C programs without switching the source code line. C++ primarily manipulates text, numbers, and other computer-capable tasks.
C#: Initially developed for Microsoft, this highly expressive program language is simpler than other languages, yet it includes components of C++ and Java. Generic types and methods provide additional safety and increased performance. C# also allows professionals to define iteration behavior while supporting encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance.
Python: This high-level programming language contains dynamic semantics, structures, typing, and binding that connect existing components; however, the Python syntax is easy to learn with no compilation stage involved, reducing program maintenance and enhancing productivity. Python also supports module and package use, which allows engineers to use the language for varying projects.

What Is a Typical Day for a Software Engineer?

The typical day-to-day for a software engineer varies based on the industry, size, and work culture of a given organization. Many development teams begin the day with a brief "stand-up" meeting so team members can share updates on a project's progress and identify potential challenges.

At larger companies, software engineers may spend more time on core duties like designing and documenting applications. Depending on the team, senior software engineers may also have management responsibilities, which can involve regular check-ins with team members, conducting performance reviews, and reporting to higher management.

If you work for a smaller organization, you may need to fulfill several other functions. For example, without personnel dedicated to testing, you may need to focus more time on troubleshooting, maintenance, and quality control. Additionally, while software engineers typically focus on the big picture, smaller teams may require you both to design and develop an application. Finally, you may need to work directly with clients to determine requirements and gather feedback.

How Much Do Software Engineers Make?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), software developers earned a median salary of $132,270 in 2023. Individuals working in the software publishing industry were the highest earners, with a median annual wage of $143,210. Additionally, the BLS projects a 17% increase in computer software engineer positions through 2033, indicating plenty of future growth.

$132,270
Annual Median Salary
Source: BLS

What Are the Career Paths for Software Engineers?

Those with a degree and experience in software engineering can explore different computing career options. Although the exact opportunities will depend on their specific education, industry, and geographic location, software engineers can pursue high-paying jobs and career advancement.

Project Manager: Project managers focus on coordination, scheduling, and budgeting resources to ensure a project's successful completion. They work with clients to determine requirements, and they coordinate with project staff to meet those requirements. Project managers regularly check in with their teams to ensure work stays within budgetary constraints and progresses on schedule.
Web Developer: Web developers create and test websites and applications using programming languages. They often work with other team members to determine a website's visual style and design. Depending on the specific role, web developers can focus on front-end, back-end, or full-stack development.
Information Security Analyst: Information security analysts take measures to safeguard an organization's networks. They search for vulnerabilities and develop security standards to improve an organization's network safety. Additionally, information security analysts investigate and document attempted attacks and security breaches.
Systems Analyst: Systems analysts bolster an organization's efficiency by reviewing and optimizing its IT systems. They look for opportunities to implement new technologies or add features to existing technologies. Systems analysts also document IT systems and train users on how to best utilize their organization's technology.
Data Scientist: Data scientists collect and structure large quantities of data to extract actionable insights. They often use programming languages like SQL, R, and Python and develop algorithms to analyze datasets. Data scientists generate visualizations to present their findings to relevant stakeholders.

Software Engineering Careers
Career	Required or Preferred Education	Required or Preferred Experience	Median Annual Salary (May 2023)	Projected Growth Rate (2023-2033)
Project Managers	Bachelor's Degree	None	$98,580	7%
Web Developer	Bachelor's Degree	None	$92,750	9%
Information Security Analyst	Bachelor's Degree	Fewer than five years	$120,360	33%
Systems Analyst	Bachelor's Degree	None	$103,800	11%
Data Scientist	Bachelor's Degree	None	$108,020	36%

Source: BLS

Explore more careers in computer science

Professional Organizations for Software Engineers

Many software engineers benefit from membership in one or more professional organizations. A professional organization provides opportunities for networking, professional development, and education to its members. The following list contains some professional organizations relevant to software engineers.

Association for Computing Machinery: The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) facilitates dialogue among computing educators, researchers, and professionals. Members can access resources like learning programs and research publications. Additionally, ACM provides networking opportunities through its local chapters and special interest groups.
IEEE Computer Society: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society aims to connect professionals at every career level in all areas of computing. Members enjoy mentorship programs and career development webinars. They also receive discounted rates to attend conferences.
Association for Information Science and Technology: The Association for Information Science and Technology aims to bring together researchers and practitioners in information science. Members receive discounted rates to attend meetings, as well as free webinars, networking events, and access to career resources.

Is It Easy to Become a Software Engineer?

Software engineers need at least a bachelor’s degree in software engineering, computer science, information technology, or a related field. For more senior roles or management positions, employers may require significant experience in the role or a master’s degree. Those looking into research and teaching roles could benefit from a doctorate in software engineering or computer science.

Individuals can gain software engineering skills by completing degree programs, industry certifications, or bootcamps. Software engineering bootcamps can provide intense, project-based training for entry-level positions. Employers also often seek at least two years of work experience in a computing role.